{"id":50306,"date":"2018-05-15T11:43:43","date_gmt":"2018-05-15T11:43:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.humanitas.net\/?post_type=wiki&#038;p=50306"},"modified":"2018-05-15T11:44:03","modified_gmt":"2018-05-15T11:44:03","slug":"vazul","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/www.humanitas.net\/ro\/wiki\/anatomie\/vazul\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u0103zul"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V\u0103zul este capacitatea de a observa, cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i sub numele de vedere. Principalele componente de baz\u0103 ale vederii sunt ochiul \u00een sine, nervul optic \u0219i centrul vizual din creier, care este conectat la ochi prin intermediul nervului optic. Ochiul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca o camer\u0103 foto: c\u00e2nd razele de lumin\u0103 intr\u0103 prin irisul reglabil, acestea sunt apoi focalizate de cristalin pe retin\u0103, care este un strat sub\u021bire sensibil la lumin\u0103 ce corespunde \u201efilmului\u201d \u201eaparatului foto\u201d. Astfel, retina converte\u0219te razele luminoase \u00een mai multe impulsuri nervoase, care sunt apoi transmise c\u0103tre centrul vizual, \u0219i de aici creierul le interpreteaz\u0103 ca imagini. Retina este alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din milioane de celule nervoase mici, care con\u021bin multe substan\u021be chimice specializate, sensibile la lumin\u0103. Ca \u0219i obiectivul unei camere, cristalinul ochiului inverseaz\u0103 imaginile pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce le focalizeaz\u0103. V\u0103zul este unul dintre cele cinci sim\u021buri, al\u0103turi de sim\u021bul tactil, auz, gust \u0219i miros. V\u0103zul este sim\u021bul responsabil cu percep\u021bia stimulilor vizuali.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Ce este v\u0103zul?<\/h2>\n<p>V\u0103zul (vederea) este sim\u021bul care ne permite s\u0103 identific\u0103m forme, reliefuri, distan\u021be \u0219i culori la ceea ce se observ\u0103. Vederea binocular\u0103 (adic\u0103 aceea realizat\u0103 simultan \u00een ambii ochi) permite percep\u021bia tridimensional\u0103 a obiectelor (vederea stereoscopic\u0103).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mecanismul care permite vederea a ceea ce ne \u00eenconjoar\u0103 este o func\u021bie foarte complex\u0103. Pentru a se asigura c\u0103 stimulii vizuali care afecteaz\u0103 ochii sunt corect interpreta\u021bi de c\u0103tre creier, este necesar ca, \u00eenainte ca stimulii s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la retin\u0103, ei s\u0103 treac\u0103 prin diferitele componente transparente care formeaz\u0103 ochiul, acestea fiind: corneea, umoarea apoas\u0103, cristalinul \u0219i umoarea sticloas\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Celulele specializate, cunoscute ca fotoreceptori sau receptori retinieni, care sunt prezen\u021bi pe retin\u0103 (aproximativ 6 milioane de conuri \u0219i 120 de milioane de bastona\u0219e) transform\u0103 stimulii lumino\u0219i \u00een impulsuri nervoase (conurile r\u0103spund la niveluri ridicate de lumin\u0103, iar bastona\u0219ele reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 la nivelurile mai sc\u0103zute ale intensit\u0103\u021bii luminoase). Aceste impulsuri nervoase sunt apoi transmise prin canalul optic (un sistem complex alc\u0103tuit din nervii optici, chiasmul optic, tracturile optice \u0219i corpurile geniculate) \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 zon\u0103 a creierului, cortexul vizual, responsabil cu decodificarea lor.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>V\u0103zul este actul unui proces activ: odat\u0103 ce imaginea a ceea ce observ\u0103m este imprimat\u0103 pe retin\u0103, procesul vizual este capabil s\u0103 diferen\u021bieze informa\u021biile, \u00een func\u021bie de cererea procesat\u0103 de creier. Acesta este mecanismul care face posibil\u0103 concentrarea asupra detaliilor specifice ale unui obiect (cum ar fi forma sa, culoare sau distan\u021ba la care se afl\u0103), spre deosebire de alte detalii.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Defectele de vedere sunt miopia (vederea apropiat\u0103 este clar\u0103, dar la distan\u021b\u0103 este difuz\u0103 \u0219i neclar\u0103), hipermetropia (vederea este estompat\u0103 \u0219i indistinct\u0103 din apropiere, dar bun\u0103 mai aproape), astigmatismul (imaginile sunt percepute distorsionat, iar deformarea este mai accentuat\u0103 cu c\u00e2t gradul de astigmatism este mai mare), prezbiopia (o tulburare datorat\u0103 capacit\u0103\u021bii fiziologice reduse de concentrare asupra lucrurilor care se afl\u0103 \u00een imediata vecin\u0103tate, care apare de obicei dup\u0103 v\u00e2rsta de 45 de ani) \u0219i ambliopia (o afec\u021biune caracterizat\u0103 de o acuitate vizual\u0103 redus\u0103, ale c\u0103rei cauze nu sunt \u00eenc\u0103 pe deplin cunoscute).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Ce func\u021bie \u00eendepline\u0219te vederea?<\/h2>\n<p>V\u0103zul sau vederea este sim\u021bul care guverneaz\u0103 percep\u021bia stimulilor vizuali, care ne permit s\u0103 identific\u0103m forme, reliefuri, distan\u021be \u0219i culori la ceea ce se observ\u0103 \u00een spa\u021biul din jurul nostru<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"template":"","wiki-categories":[1691],"wiki-types":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.7.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>V\u0103zul - Humanitas.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.humanitas.net\/ro\/wiki\/anatomie\/vazul\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u0103zul - Humanitas.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V\u0103zul este capacitatea de a observa, cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i sub numele de vedere. 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Principalele componente de baz\u0103 ale vederii sunt ochiul \u00een sine, nervul optic \u0219i centrul vizual din creier, care este conectat la ochi prin intermediul nervului optic. 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